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1 process of deterioration
Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > process of deterioration
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2 process of deterioration
Строительство: процесс разрушения (материала), процесс выветривания (материала)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > process of deterioration
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3 process of deterioration
процесс разрушения [выветривания] ( материала)Англо-русский строительный словарь > process of deterioration
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4 process
- process
- n1. процесс
2. обрабатывать
- process of deterioration
- activated sludge process
- adiabatic process
- aerobic biofilm process
- aerobic suspended-growth process
- air conditioning process
- assembly-line construction process
- captivated sludge process
- CAS process
- cementation process
- chlorinated lime process
- chlorine ammonia process
- complete mixing activated sludge process
- computation process
- concrete laying process
- continuous activated sludge process
- conventional activated sludge process
- CS process
- deaeration process
- design process
- Dohottay process
- dry mix process
- dry process
- dry mix shotcreting process
- dry shotcreting process
- dry-tamp process
- empty-cell process
- fracture process
- full-cell process
- Joosten process
- kraus process
- lime process
- lime and soda-ash process
- manufacturing process
- MAS process
- measurement process
- melt extraction process
- modified activated sludge process
- modified aeration process
- oxidation process
- polytropic process
- site organization processs
- sludge blanket process
- soda-and-lime process
- solids-contact process
- two-part process
- unox process
- wet-mix process
- wet process
- wet-mix shotcreting process
- wet shotcreting process
- wet-pressed process
- working cycle process
- zeolite process
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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5 process
1) процесс; технологический процесс2) стадия; положение3) промышленный•- process of filtering - absorption process - activated sludge process - adiabatic process - ageing process - arc-air process - automatic process - basic construction process - basic constructional process - batch process - biofiltration process - biological activated carbon process - bac process - building process - cementation process - centrifugal process - construction process - constructional process - corrosion process - cyclic process - denitrifying process - diffusion process - drilling and blasting process - dry-tamp process - engineering-geologic process - engineering-geological process - excavating process - failure initiation process - feasible process - filtering process - heat-conduction process - intermittent regeneration process - isobaric process - isochoric process - labour intensive process - lime process - long-line process - masonry process - melting process - operating process - oxidation process - patented process - performance deterioration process - peroxone process - physical-chemical treatment process - piling process - plenum process of tunnelling - pneumatic process - precipitation process - pretensioning process - regenerative process - reinforced-concrete constructional process - reinforcement process - reversible process - seismic process - separating process - setting process - soft mud process - testing process - treatment process - vacuum pressure process - wear process - welding process - wet process* * *1. процесс2. обрабатывать- process of deterioration
- activated sludge process
- adiabatic process
- aerobic biofilm process
- aerobic suspended-growth process
- air conditioning process
- assembly-line construction process
- captivated sludge process
- CAS process
- cementation process
- chlorinated lime process
- chlorine ammonia process
- complete mixing activated sludge process
- computation process
- concrete laying process
- continuous activated sludge process
- conventional activated sludge process
- CS process
- deaeration process
- design process
- Dohottay process
- dry mix process
- dry process
- dry mix shotcreting process
- dry shotcreting process
- dry-tamp process
- empty-cell process
- fracture process
- full-cell process
- Joosten process
- kraus process
- lime process
- lime and soda-ash process
- manufacturing process
- MAS process
- measurement process
- melt extraction process
- modified activated sludge process
- modified aeration process
- oxidation process
- polytropic process
- site organization processs
- sludge blanket process
- soda-and-lime process
- solids-contact process
- two-part process
- unox process
- wet-mix process
- wet process
- wet-mix shotcreting process
- wet shotcreting process
- wet-pressed process
- working cycle process
- zeolite process -
6 deterioration process
процесс ухудшения характеристик
процесс изнашивания
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > deterioration process
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7 deterioration process
Контроль качества: процесс изнашивания, процесс ухудшения характеристик -
8 deterioration process
1. процесс ухудшения характеристик2. процесс изнашиванияThe English-Russian dictionary on reliability and quality control > deterioration process
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9 irradiation leads to deterioration of working process
English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications > irradiation leads to deterioration of working process
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10 performance deterioration process
Англо-русский строительный словарь > performance deterioration process
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11 rot
1. noun1) see 2. 1): Verrottung, die; Fäulnis, die; Verwesung, die; (fig.): (deterioration) Verfall, derstop the rot — (fig.) dem Verfall Einhalt gebieten
2. intransitive verb,the rot has set in — (fig.) der Verfall hat eingesetzt; see also academic.ru/22689/dry_rot">dry rot
- tt-1) (decay) verrotten; [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst:] verfaulen; [Leiche:] verwesen; [Holz:] faulen; [Zähne:] schlecht werden2) (fig.): (go to ruin) verrotten3. transitive verb,- tt- verrotten lassen; verfaulen lassen [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst]; faulen lassen [Holz]; verwesen lassen [Leiche]; zerstören [Zähne]Phrasal Verbs:- rot away* * *[rot] 1. past tense, past participle - rotted; verb(to make or become bad or decayed: The fruit is rotting on the ground; Water rots wood.) verfaulen(lassen)2. noun1) (decay: The floorboards are affected by rot.) die Fäulnis2) (nonsense: Don't talk rot!) der Quatsch•- rotten- rottenness
- rotter* * *[rɒt, AM rɑ:t]▪ the \rot der Verfallthe \rot set in when he started taking drugs es ging mit ihm bergab, als er anfing, Drogen zu nehmento talk \rot Blödsinn reden famIII. vi<- tt->2. (deteriorate) institution, society verkommenIV. vt<- tt->1. (cause to decay)▪ to \rot sth etw vermodern lassen* * *[rɒt]1. n1) (in teeth, plants, wood) Fäulnis f no plto stop the rot (lit, fig) — den Fäulnisprozess aufhalten
See:→ dry rot2. vi(wood, material, rope) verrotten, faulen; (teeth, plant) verfaulen; (fig) verrottento rot in jail — im Gefängnis verrotten
3. vtverfaulen lassen* * *A v/irot off abfaulen3. fig (auch moralisch) verkommen, verrotten4. BOT, VET an Fäule leidenB v/t1. (ver)faulen lassen2. BOT, VET mit Fäule ansteckenC s1. a) Fäulnis f, Verwesung fb) Fäule f2. a) BOT, VET Fäule f3. besonders Br umg Quatsch m, Blödsinn m, Unsinn m:* * *1. noun1) see 2. 1): Verrottung, die; Fäulnis, die; Verwesung, die; (fig.): (deterioration) Verfall, derstop the rot — (fig.) dem Verfall Einhalt gebieten
2. intransitive verb,the rot has set in — (fig.) der Verfall hat eingesetzt; see also dry rot
- tt-1) (decay) verrotten; [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst:] verfaulen; [Leiche:] verwesen; [Holz:] faulen; [Zähne:] schlecht werden2) (fig.): (go to ruin) verrotten3. transitive verb,- tt- verrotten lassen; verfaulen lassen [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst]; faulen lassen [Holz]; verwesen lassen [Leiche]; zerstören [Zähne]Phrasal Verbs:- rot away* * *n.Quatsch m.Verwesung f. v.verfaulen v.verwesen v. -
12 rot
[rɒt, Am rɑ:t] nthe \rot der Verfall;the \rot set in when he started taking drugs es ging mit ihm bergab, als er anfing, Drogen zu nehmento talk \rot Blödsinn reden ( fam) interj ( fam) (dated) Blödsinn! ( fam), so ein Quatsch! ( fam) vi <- tt->1) ( cause to decay)to \rot sth etw vermodern lassento \rot sb jdn verulken -
13 defect
1. порок; дефект; неисправность2. повреждение
* * *
1. дефект; недостаток; порок; изъян; несовершенство || дефектный2. неисправность; повреждение || неисправный; повреждённый3. недостаток, нехватка
* * *
1) дефект; недостаток; порок; изъян; несовершенство || дефектный2) неисправность; повреждение || неисправный; повреждённый3) недостаток, нехватка•free from defect — бездефектный;
defects per hundred units — число дефектов на сто изделий;
defects per unit — число дефектов на изделие;
to correct defects — устранять дефекты;
- allowable defectsto overcome defects — устранять дефекты;
- assembling defect
- assembly defect
- birth defect
- casting defect
- chronic defect
- condemnable defect
- controllable defect
- crack-like defect
- critical defect
- debugged defect
- deep-level defect
- design defect
- deterioration defect
- dimensional defect
- discovered defect
- dynamic defect
- eliminable defect
- embryonic defect
- equivalent defects
- external defect
- fabrication defect
- fatal defect
- fault defect
- fundamental defect
- gross defect
- hidden defect
- identifiable defect
- inadvertent defect
- incidental defect
- incipient defect
- independent defects
- indistinguishable defects
- induced defect
- inherent defect
- inherited defect
- in-process defect
- in-service defect
- internal defect
- intrinsic defect
- invisible defect
- killing defect
- latent defect
- leading defect
- local defect
- macroscopic defect
- major defect
- man-made defect
- manufacturing defect
- material defect
- mechanical defect
- minor defect
- multiple defects
- natural defect
- nonfunctional defect
- noninspectable defect
- nonmeasurable defect
- nonoperational defect
- nonrepairable defect
- nonsignificant defect
- observed defect
- obvious defect
- open defect
- operational defect
- operator controllable defect
- physical defect
- point defect
- potential defect
- pouring defect
- primary defect
- process-induced defect
- processing defect
- proven defect
- random defect
- reliability defect
- removable defect
- repairable defect
- revealed defect
- rolling defect
- secondary defect
- serious defect
- service defect
- shape defect
- shrinkage defect
- significant defect
- simulated defect
- source defect
- special defect
- sporadic defect
- spot defect
- spurious defect
- stratified defect
- structural defect
- surface defect
- technological defect
- tolerance limit defect
- true defect
- typical defect
- unrepairable defect
- visible defect
- visual defect
- volume defect
- welding defect
- weldment defect
- workmanship defect
- zero defects* * * -
14 PSD
1) Компьютерная техника: Performance Stretching Device2) Медицина: power spectral density (спектральная плотность мощности)3) Военный термин: Personal Security Detail, Personnel Services Division, Post Security Detachment, Product System Demonstration, Protective Structures Division, parts support digest, personal services department, personnel service division, personnel subsystem development, personnel support detachment, procurement surveys division, product support department, professional service date, program support document, promotion service date, propellant storage depot4) Техника: phase-sensitive demodulator, physical sciences division, position-sensitive detector, power spectral distribution, power spectrum density, preliminary systems design, processing status display, грансостав, гранулометрический состав, классификация по крупности5) Шутливое выражение: Phantom Souls Domain6) Математика: диаграмма вероятностей состояний (probability state diagram), положительно полуопределённый (positive semidefinite)7) Юридический термин: Personal Security Device, Police Search And Destroy, Police Security Dogs8) Фармакология: распределение размера частиц (particle size distribution, распределение размера частиц в твердых формах лекарственных средств)9) Ветеринария: Pesticides Safety Directorate10) Грубое выражение: Printing Something Dumb11) Оптика: position-sensing detector, pseudo-second derivative12) Сокращение: Propulsion System Demonstrator13) Физиология: Post Stroke Depression, postsynaptic density14) Электроника: Pulse Shape Discrimination15) Вычислительная техника: Printer Sharing Device, preliminary system design, расширение файлов в формате Adobe Photoshop, Programmer's Supplementary Documents (BSD, Unix)16) Нефть: permanently shut down, process shutdown system, production shutdown, project specific dictionaries17) Транспорт: Position Sensitive Detector18) Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность: напорный шнековый разгрузчик19) СМИ: Play Sequence Descriptor20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: prediction based on seismic data, process shut down, остановка технологического процесса (process shutdown)21) Образование: Personal And Social Development, Practical Self Defense22) Сетевые технологии: Programmable System Device23) Программирование: индивидуальная программная документация (см. personal software documentation)24) Сахалин Р: process shutdown25) Химическое оружие: prevention of significant deterioration26) Молочное производство: Paternal Sister Dam27) Расширение файла: Periscope Debugger Definition file, Periscope Debugger Def file (Periscope)28) Нефть и газ: pore size distribution29) МИД: power spectral density30) Электротехника: phase-sensitive detector31) Фантастика Power Stroke Diesel32) Цемент: particle size distribution, распределение по размерам частиц, распределение частиц, распределение частиц по размерам33) Должность: Performance Standards Development34) NYSE. Puget Sound Energy, Inc.35) Аэропорты: Port Said, Arab Republic of Egypt -
15 psd
1) Компьютерная техника: Performance Stretching Device2) Медицина: power spectral density (спектральная плотность мощности)3) Военный термин: Personal Security Detail, Personnel Services Division, Post Security Detachment, Product System Demonstration, Protective Structures Division, parts support digest, personal services department, personnel service division, personnel subsystem development, personnel support detachment, procurement surveys division, product support department, professional service date, program support document, promotion service date, propellant storage depot4) Техника: phase-sensitive demodulator, physical sciences division, position-sensitive detector, power spectral distribution, power spectrum density, preliminary systems design, processing status display, грансостав, гранулометрический состав, классификация по крупности5) Шутливое выражение: Phantom Souls Domain6) Математика: диаграмма вероятностей состояний (probability state diagram), положительно полуопределённый (positive semidefinite)7) Юридический термин: Personal Security Device, Police Search And Destroy, Police Security Dogs8) Фармакология: распределение размера частиц (particle size distribution, распределение размера частиц в твердых формах лекарственных средств)9) Ветеринария: Pesticides Safety Directorate10) Грубое выражение: Printing Something Dumb11) Оптика: position-sensing detector, pseudo-second derivative12) Сокращение: Propulsion System Demonstrator13) Физиология: Post Stroke Depression, postsynaptic density14) Электроника: Pulse Shape Discrimination15) Вычислительная техника: Printer Sharing Device, preliminary system design, расширение файлов в формате Adobe Photoshop, Programmer's Supplementary Documents (BSD, Unix)16) Нефть: permanently shut down, process shutdown system, production shutdown, project specific dictionaries17) Транспорт: Position Sensitive Detector18) Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность: напорный шнековый разгрузчик19) СМИ: Play Sequence Descriptor20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: prediction based on seismic data, process shut down, остановка технологического процесса (process shutdown)21) Образование: Personal And Social Development, Practical Self Defense22) Сетевые технологии: Programmable System Device23) Программирование: индивидуальная программная документация (см. personal software documentation)24) Сахалин Р: process shutdown25) Химическое оружие: prevention of significant deterioration26) Молочное производство: Paternal Sister Dam27) Расширение файла: Periscope Debugger Definition file, Periscope Debugger Def file (Periscope)28) Нефть и газ: pore size distribution29) МИД: power spectral density30) Электротехника: phase-sensitive detector31) Фантастика Power Stroke Diesel32) Цемент: particle size distribution, распределение по размерам частиц, распределение частиц, распределение частиц по размерам33) Должность: Performance Standards Development34) NYSE. Puget Sound Energy, Inc.35) Аэропорты: Port Said, Arab Republic of Egypt -
16 equipment
оборудование; снаряжение; оснащение; оснастка (напр. станка); приспособления; приборы; аппаратура; арматура; принадлежности; подвижной состав; воен. материальная часть; боевая техника- equipment arrangement - equipment availability - equipment building - equipment capital costs - equipment casualty - equipment certificate - equipment certification - equipment certification requirement - equipment check - equipment checkout - equipment clock - equipment compatibility - equipment condition data - equipment damage - equipment dependability - equipment depot - equipment design failure - equipment error - equipment facilities - equipment failure - equipment failure information - equipment failure log - equipment for road construction - equipment for the manufacture of asbestos cement - equipment identification register - equipment identity register - equipment in place - equipment inspection - equipment-intermodulation noise - equipment investments - equipment lay-out - equipment layout - equipment lease - equipment leasing - equipment level controller - equipment location - equipment longevity - equipment maintenance facility - equipment maintenance management program - equipment maintenance officer - equipment maintenance ratio - equipment maintenance report - equipment maintenance team - equipment manufacturer code - equipment manufacturing failure - equipment-modification list - equipment monitoring - equipment nomenclature - equipment operating procedure - equipment operation test - equipment package - equipment performance log - equipment performance report - equipment placement - equipment programming - equipment protection device - equipment qualification - equipment rack - equipment ready date - equipment rebuilding - equipment reference book - equipment regulation - equipment reliability - equipment reliability status report - equipment repair time - equipment replacement - equipment replacement network - equipment reservation - equipment revamping - equipment review board - equipment room - equipment safety - equipment salvage - equipment schedule - equipment serviceability criterion - equipment side - equipment specifications - equipment spendings - equipment status board - equipment status chart - equipment status indication - equipment status log - equipment supervision - equipment terminal - equipment unavailability - equipment upgrading - equipment wire - accessory equipment - acoustic emission equipment - acoustical equipment - actuated equipment - add-on equipment - air equipment - air-chucking equipment - air-conditioning equipment - air-humidifying equipment - air-painting equipment - ancillary equipment - answering equipment - assembly equipment - balancing equipment - blasting equipment - board equipment - bolt-on equipment - brake equipment - built-in test equipment - calibration equipment - CAM equipment - capital equipment - cargo handling equipment - carrying and lifting equipment - centrifugal pumping equipment - checking equipment - collective protective equipment - compressor equipment - computer-aided test equipment - computer-automated equipment - concrete-handling equipment - consumption equipment - controllable balancing equipment - conveying equipment - coolant clarification equipment - cost-effective equipment - crane equipment - crane electrical equipment - crushing and screening equipment - data-processing equipment - dedicated equipment - defective equipment - de-icer equipment - demonstration equipment - detection equipment - detritus equipment - diagnosis equipment - diagnostic equipment - digital readout equipment - dimensional-inspection equipment - direction-finding equipment - driven equipment - durable equipment - electrical equipment - electrical discharge equipment - electroheat equipment - electrothermal equipment - emergency equipment - energy equipment - energy-intensive equipment - erection equipment - exhibition equipment - experimental equipment - external test equipment - FA-related equipment - fabricating equipment - fabrication equipment - factory-installed equipment - failed equipment - farming equipment - faulty equipment - feeding equipment - field-balancing equipment - filling equipment - finishing equipment - fire-fighting equipment - fire safety equipment - fixed equipment - fixed path equipment - flatness testing equipment - fuel handling equipment - gaging equipment - garage equipment - garage-repair equipment - gas equipment - gas-welding equipment - gear testing equipment - general-purpose equipment - general test equipment - grading equipment - greasing equipment - grit-dredging equipment - handling equipment - hard automation equipment - haulage equipment - hauling equipment - heat-treating equipment - hi-fi equipment - high-fi equipment - high-technology equipment - higher-horsepower equipment - homemade fire-fighting equipment - hydraulic equipment - hydraulic tracing equipment - idle equipment - ignition equipment - independent equipment - industrial equipment - industrial cleaning equipment - input equipment - inspection equipment - installation equipment - installed equipment - instrumental equipment - instrumented equipment - interconnecting equipment - jaw-type work-holding equipment - joining equipment - laboratory equipment - lifting equipment - lighting equipment - loading equipment - loading and unloading equipment for dryer cars - machine-tool equipment - machining equipment - maintenance equipment - maintenance-and-support equipment - manipulating equipment - manually controlled equipment - manufacturing equipment - material-handling equipment - materials-handling equipment - material mining equipment - MDI equipment - measurement-processing equipment - measuring and control equipment - measuring equipment - mechanical handling equipment - metal-cutting equipment - metering equipment - microprocessing equipment - microwave heating equipment - military equipment - mill-turn equipment - mobile equipment - monitoring equipment - mountable pile-driving equipment - multidimension gaging equipment - multisensor equipment - noise abatement equipment - non-assembled equipment - nonrepairable equipment - nonstandard equipment - off-road equipment - operational equipment - optional equipment - outdated equipment - outmoded equipment - out-of-repair equipment - paint equipment - parts-handling equipment - parts-washing equipment - pattern equipment - peripheral equipment - personal protection equipment - personal protective equipment - pipeline equipment - pipeline-laying equipment - pipeline-scraping equipment - pneumatic equipment - pile-driving equipment - piling equipment - portable jacking equipment - postprocess gaging equipment - preparatory machining equipment - presetting equipment - primary equipment - primary machining equipment - process control monitoring equipment - process equipment - process monitoring equipment - processing equipment - production equipment - production test equipment - professional drilling equipment - protective equipment - proving-and-indicating equipment - pulling-and-running equipment - pump-and-compressor equipment - pumping equipment - quarry equipment - reconditioning equipment - redundant equipment - refrigeration equipment - rejected equipment - reliable equipment - remote control equipment - remove an equipment - repair equipment - repairable equipment - reserve equipment - residential equipment - retrofit equipment - rippers equipment - road-building equipment - rope-suspended boom equipment - rotating equipment - round trip equipment - safeguarding equipment - safety equipment - safety-survival equipment - secondary equipment - self-balancing equipment - sensing equipment - service checkout equipment - service equipment - snow-cleaning equipment - snow-handling equipment - spare equipment - spark erosion equipment - special support equipment - special test equipment - standalone equipment - standard equipment - standby equipment - supervisory equipment - supplementary equipment - support equipment - supporting equipment - surface-measuring equipment - swarf-handling equipment - tank cleaning equipment - telescopic equipment - test equipment - test-and-maintenance equipment - testing equipment - tool equipment - tool-holding equipment - tooling equipment - tool-setting equipment - touch-probe inspection equipment - towing equipment - tracer equipment - traction-type equipment - training equipment - transferring equipment - transport equipment - transportation equipment - turning gaging equipment - unattended equipment - underground equipment - universal equipment - unrepairable equipment - up-to-date construction equipment - used equipment - utility equipment - value-added equipment - vandalproof equipment - vehicle greasing equipment - warehousing equipment - waste-minimization equipment - water-fed equipment - water-purification equipment - water quality monitoring equipment - water-treatment equipment - weed-control equipment - weighing equipment - weld deposition equipment - welding equipment - welding deposition equipment - wheel alignment equipment - work-holding equipment - workover equipment -
17 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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18 storage
сущ.1)а) торг. хранениеstorage of goods — хранение товаров [грузов\]
Syn:warehousing 2)See:Warehousing and Storage, storage conditions, extended storage, long-term storage, short-term storage, dead storage 1), storage length, storage expenses, storage in transit, storage container, storage contract, deterioration in storageб) общ. накопление, аккумулированиеSyn:stockpiling 1)2) 2)торг. хранилище, складSyn:See:food storage, crop storage, in-process storage, crude storage, raw material storage, ground storage, covered storage, storage capacity, ASRS, handling machinery, auxiliary storage, bag storage, cold storage, storage conditions, storage area, storage company3) торг. площадь [емкость\] склада или хранилища, складская площадьthe company has 1000 square meters of storage — компания располагает 1000 квадратными метрами складской площади
Syn:4) торг. плата за хранение ( на складе)Syn:See:storage rate 1)5) комп. память, запоминающее устройство ( вычислительной машины) -
19 become
past tense - became; verb1) (to come or grow to be: Her coat has become badly torn; She has become even more beautiful.) volverse, ponerse, convertirse2) (to qualify or take a job as: She became a doctor.) hacerse, llegar a ser3) ((with of) to happen to: What became of her son?) ser de4) (to suit: That dress really becomes her.) sentar bien, quedar bien•- becoming- becomingly
become vb1. hacerse / convertirse en / llegar a ser2. hacerse / volverse / ponerseshe became angry se puso furiosa / se enfadótr[bɪ'kʌm]1 (with noun) convertirse en, hacerse, llegar a ser■ to become a doctor/teacher hacerse médico,-a/maestro,-a2 (change into) convertirse en, transformarse en■ to become mad volverse loco,-a, enloquecer■ to become fat ponerse gordo,-a, engordar■ to become angry ponerse enfadado,-a, enfadarse■ to become sad ponerse triste, entristecerse■ to become deaf quedarse sordo,-a, ensordecerse■ to become blind quedarse ciego,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLwhat has become of...? ¿qué ha sido de...?■ what has become of your sister? ¿qué ha sido de tu hermana?: hacerse, volverse, ponersehe became famous: se hizo famosoto become sad: ponerse tristeto become accustomed to: acostumbrarse abecome vt1) befit: ser apropiado para2) suit: favorecer, quedarle bien (a alguien)that dress becomes you: ese vestido te favorecep.p.(Participio pasivo de "to become")v.(§ p.,p.p.: became, become) = convenir v.(§pres: -vengo, -vienes...-venimos) pret: -vin-fut: -vendr-•)• convertirse v.• convertirse en v.• devenir v.(§pres: -vengo, -vienes...-venimos) pret: -vin-fut: -vendr-•)• hacerse v.• llegar a ser v.• ponerse v.• resultar v.• volverse v.bɪ'kʌm
1.
to become arrogant/distant — volverse* arrogante/distante
to become famous — hacerse* famoso
she soon became bored/tired — pronto se aburrió/se cansó
to become a lawyer — hacerse* abogado
2.
vta) ( befit) (frml) (often neg) ser* apropiado parab) ( suit) favorecer*Phrasal Verbs:[bɪ'kʌm] (pt became) (pp become)1. VI1) (=grow to be)to become ill — ponerse enfermo, enfermar
to become old — hacerse or volverse viejo
to become red — ponerse rojo, enrojecerse
it became known that... — se supo que..., llegó a saberse que...
2) (=turn into) convertirse en, transformarse enthe building has become a cinema — el edificio se ha convertido or transformado en cine
2.IMPERS VBwhat has become of him? — ¿qué ha sido de él?
what will become of me? — ¿qué será de mí?
whatever can have become of that book? — ¿dónde estará ese libro?
3.VT (=look nice on) favorecer, sentar bienBECOME, GO, GET The translation of become/go/ get depends on the context and the type of change involved and how it is regarded. Very often there is more than one possible translation, or even a special verb to translate get + ((adjective)) (e.g. get angry - enfadarse), but here are some general hints.
Become {etc} + adjective
► Use pon erse to talk about temporary but normal changes:
I got quite ill Me puse muy malo
He went pale Se puso blanco
You've got very brown Te has puesto muy moreno
He got very angry Se puso furioso ► Use vol verse to refer to sudden, longer-lasting and unpredictable changes, particularly those affecting the mind:
He has become very impatient in the last few years Se ha vuelto muy impaciente estos últimos años
She went mad Se volvió loca ► Use que dar(se) especially when talking about changes that are permanent, involve deterioration and are due to external circumstances. Their onset may or may not be sudden:
He went blind (Se) quedó ciego
Goya went deaf Goya (se) quedó sordo
Q uedar(se) is also used to talk about pregnancy:
She became pregnant (Se) quedó embarazada ► Use hac erse for states resulting from effort or from a gradual, cumulative process:
They became very famous Se hicieron muy famosos
The pain became unbearable El dolor se hizo insoportable ► Use lle gar a ser to suggest reaching a peak:
The heat became stifling El calor llegó a ser agobiante
Become {etc} + noun
► Use hac erse for career goals and religious or political persuasions:
He became a lawyer Se hizo abogado
I became a Catholic in 1990 Me hice católico en 1990
He became a member of the Green Party Se hizo miembro del Partido Verde ► Use lle gar a + ((noun)) and llegar a ser + ((phrase)) for reaching a peak after a period of gradual change. This construction is often used to talk about professional accomplishments:
If you don't make more effort, you'll never get to be a teacher Si no te esfuerzas más, no llegarás a profesor
Castelar became one of the most important politicians of his time Castelar llegó a ser uno de los políticos más importantes de su época
Football became an obsession for him El fútbol llegó a ser una obsesión para él ► Use con vertirse en for long-lasting changes in character, substance and kind which take place gradually:
Those youngsters went on to become delinquents Aquellos jóvenes se convirtieron después en delincuentes
Over the years I have become a more tolerant person Con los años me he convertido en una persona más tolerante
Water turns into steam El agua se convierte en vapor ► Use que dar(se) + ((adjective)) to talk about changes, particularly when they are permanent, for the worse and due to external circumstances. Their onset may or may not be sudden:
She became a widow (Se) quedó viuda ► To translate hav e turned into {or} have become {etc} + ((noun)) in emphatic phrases particularly about people, you can use estar hecho un(a) + ((noun)):
Juan has become a really good pianist Juan está hecho todo un pianista For further uses and examples, see become, go, get, turn* * *[bɪ'kʌm]
1.
to become arrogant/distant — volverse* arrogante/distante
to become famous — hacerse* famoso
she soon became bored/tired — pronto se aburrió/se cansó
to become a lawyer — hacerse* abogado
2.
vta) ( befit) (frml) (often neg) ser* apropiado parab) ( suit) favorecer*Phrasal Verbs: -
20 decay
di'kei
1. verb(to (cause to) become rotten or ruined: Sugar makes your teeth decay.) pudrirse, cariarse, deteriorarse
2. noun(the act or process of decaying: tooth decay; in a state of decay.) descomposición, caries, deteriorodecay1 n cariesdecay2 vb1. descomponerse / pudrirse2. cariarse / picarsetr[dɪ'keɪ]2 (of building) deterioro, desmoronamiento3 figurative use (of culture, values) decadencia2 (buildings) deteriorarse, desmoronarse3 figurative use decaer, declinar, estar en decadencia\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto fall into decay (building) estar en un estado ruinosodecay [di'keɪ] vi1) decompose: descomponerse, pudrirse2) deteriorate: deteriorarse3) : cariarse (dícese de los dientes)decay n1) decomposition: descomposición f2) decline, deterioration: decadencia f, deterioro m3) : caries f (de los dientes)n.• caries s.m.• debilitamiento (Física) s.m.• decadencia s.f.• decaimiento s.m.• declinación s.f.• mengua s.f.• menguante s.m.• podredumbre s.f.• vejez s.f.v.• aniquilarse v.• cariarse v.• decaerse v.(§pres: decaigo, decaes...)• degenerarse v.• descaecerse v.• desmejorarse v.• desmoronarse v.• menguarse v.• pudrirse v.
I
1. dɪ'keɪ1) ( rot) \<\<foodstuffs/corpse\>\> descomponerse*, pudrirse*; \<\<wood\>\> pudrirse*; \<\<tooth\>\> cariarse, picarse*2) ( deteriorate) \<\<building/machine\>\> deteriorarse; \<\<empire/culture/civilization\>\> decaer*, declinar
2.
vt ( rot) \<\<food/corpse\>\> descomponer*; \<\<wood\>\> pudrir*; \<\<tooth\>\> picar*, cariar
II
mass noun1) ( of organic matter) descomposición f; ( tooth decay) caries f2) ( of building) deterioro m; ( of culture) decadencia f[dɪ'keɪ]1. N1) [of vegetation, food] putrefacción f, descomposición f ; [of teeth] caries f ; [of building] desmoronamiento m, ruina f2) (fig) [of civilization] decadencia f ; [of faculties] deterioro m2. VI1) (=rot) [leaves, food] pudrirse, descomponerse; [teeth] cariarse; [building] desmoronarse2) (fig) [civilization] decaer, estar en decadencia; [faculties] deteriorarse3.VT [+ vegetation, food] pudrir, descomponer; [+ teeth] cariar* * *
I
1. [dɪ'keɪ]1) ( rot) \<\<foodstuffs/corpse\>\> descomponerse*, pudrirse*; \<\<wood\>\> pudrirse*; \<\<tooth\>\> cariarse, picarse*2) ( deteriorate) \<\<building/machine\>\> deteriorarse; \<\<empire/culture/civilization\>\> decaer*, declinar
2.
vt ( rot) \<\<food/corpse\>\> descomponer*; \<\<wood\>\> pudrir*; \<\<tooth\>\> picar*, cariar
II
mass noun1) ( of organic matter) descomposición f; ( tooth decay) caries f2) ( of building) deterioro m; ( of culture) decadencia f
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